- Transverse fracture line is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bone.
- Oblique: The fracture line forming an angle greater or less than 90 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the bone.
- Longitudinal: the fracture line follows the longitudinal axis of the bone.
- In “butterfly wing”: there are two fault lines oblique, forming an angle with each other and delimit a triangular fragment.
- Comminuted: Multiple lines of fracture, with formation of numerous bone fragments.

In children, due to the high elasticity of bones, there are two special types of fractures:

- Diaphyseal curvature: there is no evidence any linear fracture, since what is produced is a flattening of small bone trabeculae that form bone, resulting in a bend of the dialysis itself.
- In “green stick”: the bone is incurved and its convex side there is a fracture line that fails to affect the entire thickness of the bone.

According to the deviation of the fragments

- Angled. the two fragments in which the bone has been divided because of an angle fracture.
- With panning. the two areas corresponding to the fracture line are not faced each other, have moved laterally by one or both fragments.
- Acabalgadas. one fragment is located on the other, thus a shortening of the affected bone.
- Engaged. one of the fragments has been built on the other.

According to the mechanism of production

- Direct trauma. The fracture occurs at the point on which the agent has acted traumatic. For example: fracture of the ulna by a sharp blow on the arm.
- Indirect trauma. The fracture occurs away from where the agent has acted traumatic. For example: fracture of the elbow by a fall on the palms of the hands.
- Sudden muscle contraction. In athletes and people with fully developed muscles can produce bone avulsion fractures contracted sharply and strongly to a given muscle. Fractures have also been observed in such patients undergoing electroshok.

Symptoms that can appear to others of a pain in the fracture zone are deformed because of some sinking, swelling in the area, bruises of the skin in the affected area and/or difficulties in trying to make a move.

There are several types of fractures, which can be classified according to the following factors: state of the skin, location of the fracture in the bone itself, the fracture line, type of deviation of the fragments and mechanism of the traumatic agent.

Depending on skin condition

- Closed fractures (also called compound fracture) are those in which the fracture does not communicate with the outside, because the skin has not been damaged.
- Open fractures (also known as a simple fracture) are those in which the fractured bone can be seen with the naked eye, ie, there is a wound left uncovered bone fragments. Sometimes, the trauma injures the skin and underlying tissues before reaching the bone, sometimes serving the fractured bone from the inside, tearing the tissues and the skin so that the fracture is in contact with the outside.

By location

Long bones can be divided anatomically into three main parts: the shaft, the epiphysis and metaphysis.

The shaft is the longest part of the bone, which corresponds to their medium.

The epiphyses are the two extremes, thicker, where are the articular surfaces of bone. They inserted a lot of ligaments and tendons, which reinforce the joint.

The metaphyses are small rectangular areas between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Above them is the growth plate of children.

Thus, fractures can be, depending on their location:

- Epiphyseal (located in the epiphysis). If they affect the joint surface, are called articular fractures, and if it is not affected by the fracture line are called extra-articular.
When the epiphyseal fracture occurs in a child and involves the growth plate, called epiphysiolysis.
- Shaft (located in the shaft). Can affect the upper, middle or bottom.
- Metaphyseal (located in the metaphysis). Can affect the upper or lower metaphyseal bone.

Have increased risk of fracture for people with osteoporosis, but also become common in children and the elderly because its composition is more fragile bone.

What to Do

Fracture is distinguished because the victim hears or feels the breakdown of bone. Also, a broken limb may be deformed or adopt an unnatural position.
Should seek medical help immediately. In both, may be maneuvering to avoid further damage.
The injured person should stay in a comfortable position. It is recommended that you recharge the injured area on a pillow or sheets.
Any bleeding should stop. This is accomplished by pressing on the sides of the wound with sterile bandage, clean cloth or clothing for periods of 10 minutes until the bleeding stops. The area around the wound should be cleaned with antiseptic to prevent infection.
We will use a “splint” to immobilize the area. The tablets can be wood, cardboard, or rolled newspaper, should be placed on both sides of the bone and be bigger than this. To attach is convenient to use tape or a rope, firmly, but without interrupting the flow. The techniques can be applied in this case is explained in more detail in the attached diagram.
You can apply ice wrapped in cloth in the immobilized limb, to combat inflammation.
If you have fainting or shallow breaths, you should lie to the victim with the head slightly lower than the rest of the body.
A lesion that appears to fracture should be treated as such, although it is not.

Avoid

Elevate your leg or broken arm in case of bleeding, because it can further damage tissue.
Pushing or pulling the bone and try to put in place. This technique is only performed in a dislocation.
Rub the area where there is a broken bone or who have suspected fracture.
Apply creams or ointments.

Remember

Although some people have the skills to accommodate broken bones, you should see a specialist.
Fracture should be treated as all those injuries that seem, although they are not.
When a bone is broken should remain fixed to not cause more damage. Why should not move the victim unless it is in danger.

All of these injuries required medical attention. Only a specialist can rearrange the broken bones.
They are even more delicate open fractures, as it runs the risk of infection and blood loss.

- When a person suffers a fracture, usually heard a crack, feel the breakdown of bone and excessive pain.
- According to the appearance of the injured area (deformation, swelling and bruising), the doctor may suspect that this is a fracture, which will be confirmed by radiography.
- Excessive pain that exists in this type of injury is a test that provides a good diagnosis.

Prevention

- With activity that involves some risk as painting a wall, waterproofing a roof or even change a light bulb, you have to remove objects that could pass an accident.
- Do not drive drunk or sleepy, and always use seat belts.
- Wear protective helmet and bicycle or motorcycle driving.
- Use proper equipment when playing sports.

For healthy bones, it is recommended to include foods rich in calcium (milk and dairy products, sardines, chub, watercress, sesame seeds and parsley) and vitamin D, which is generated by exposure of skin to the sun and which is present in foods like eggs, wheat germ, cocoa, mushrooms and milk.

If there is a deficiency of calcium or vitamin D can use vitamin supplements, fortified milk and food supplements, the latter, besides containing the mineral, speed recovery.

Exercise to keep fit and skeletal muscles.

People with osteoporosis, especially women, should not carry heavy objects or engage in intense work. They should also avoid alcohol, coffee and snuff.

Women who reach menopause at about age 50, should increase their calcium intake and performed a test (bone densitometry) to determine the status of your bones.

Treatment

- The person who suffers a fracture should be kept in a comfortable position, so it is recommended that you recharge the injured area on pillows, cushions or blankets.
- Do not move the fractured bone or try to put in place.
- Do not rub the area.
- Do not apply ointments.
- Immobilize the injured area, the doctor regularly cast or splint that part.
- Not recommended analgesics for not mask the pain.
- If the fracture is the result of osteoporosis, see your doctor for treatment advice.

The sector of the population with higher risk of suffering from is made up of people with osteoporosis, but also become common in children and the elderly because its composition is fragile bone.

Causes

- Falls.
- Heavy lifting.
- Shock, such as those that occur in accidents, auto and sports.
- From age 30 the bones become weak and are more likely to suffer fractures.

Osteoporosis, a disease that causes bones to become fragile, brittle and prone to fracture. Occurs this way because the bones lose mineral density, that is, become porous, especially in women who reach menopause.

Thus, height tends to decrease because the spine is compressed, and in extreme cases the upper vertebrae are curved, forming a hump.

Low calcium diet (basic for the formation of bones and teeth) and vitamin D (which helps the body to assimilate).

Symptoms

- The injured area is deformed.
- Swelling.
- Pain.
- Bruising or hematoma.
- Inability to move the injured.
- Rib fracture causes severe pain in the chest when breathing deeply or coughing.

If the fracture is located in the jaw, generally there are wounds inside the mouth, slurred speech and excessive saliva production.

Tendinitis is inflammation of the tendon, although more accurately the inflammation occurs in the tendon sheath. Within the tendon itself, depending on the cause of tendinitis, fiber breakage may occur.

The most frequent causes of tendinitis are the traumatic and rheumatic origin:
In the case of traumatic tendinitis these can arise by a single violent trauma or from repeated trauma of lower intensity which are generally occupational or sports. In these cases occurring fibers ruptured tendon itself which results in pain and inflammation of its sheath.

When the cause of tendinits is a rheumatic disease, the body produces antibodies that attack the tendon and its sheath. There are other reasons that can be given as tendinitis are infectious in origin, due to certain drugs. Etc..

The main symptom is pain in the course of the tendon, the pain increases with maneuvers that force or stretch the tendon. When inflammation occurs near the anchorage area is often called enthesitis and pain can be perceived more located at the junction to the bone.

Treatment in acute phase is usually provided with rest and anti-inflammatories for 3 weeks in most cases. When a well-defined cause tendinitis source, such as infections, treatment should be conducted itself in this. The return to normal daily activity is usually done in stages and often require rehabilitation treatment. The infiltration also may be effective in controlling pain and inflammation.

Chronic tendinitis and tendinosis: When tendinitis are repeated or long duration (more than 6 months) are called chronic tendinitis. In this situation the tendon is prone to internal breakage of fibers, with subsequent healing of these cracks are formed nodules, this new scar tissue that forms within the tendon is weaker than the healthy tendon. So after time and repeated after suffering tendinitis tendon may appear weak at certain points and thickened in others, this degeneration of the tendon is called tendonitis.

The treatment of tendinosis is more complex, it depends mainly of the tendon is affected and the symptoms it produces. For some cases, as in tendonitis of the tendons of the shoulder (rotator cuff), rehabilitation treatment is usually performed to improve mobility and strengthen the other muscles and thus relieve the tendons of the hamstrings. In other cases, such as Achilles, when it produces pain not improved with standard treatment (rehabilitation and anti-inflammatory) can opt for surgery, which are small abrasions made longitudinally along the tendon. When the origin of tendinosis is well known such as those due to rheumatic diseases due to external compression of the tendon should treat the cause of tendinosis.

Tendon rupture:
The rupture usually occurs in tendons with tendinosis, ie tendons that have suffered previous tendinitis, and generally tends to break when making a sudden movement or effort. With tendon rupture severe pain occurs suddenly, is accompanied by an inability to perform certain movements. The pain of failure patients typically describe him as having received a “stone” in the heel. Tendinosis would enhance spontaneous tendon rupture can be difficult to repair with surgery because in the degenerate tendon tends to unravel when trying to suture, so that often reinforces the healthy tendon suture drawn from other locations.

Enthesitis:
Is inflammation of the tendon at its point of attachment to the bone, doctors often call them as the causes tendinitis and general treatment is the same, the only difference is that the pain is usually more localized in the anchor point and can produce referred pain, ie pain felt along the bone to which it is anchored. A certain number of tendinitis of the tendons of the rotator cuff are really enthesitis, and pain is felt in the shoulder can be extended to the rest of the arm by its external side. The enthesitis as tendinitis can become chronic, and ultimately in this region of the injured tendon tends to accumulate calcium and thus to ossify (bone is formed where there were tendon) that can be seen on radiographs as small “peaks or spikes “sticking out of the bone surface.

Initial treatment is identical to that of tendinitis: rest, anti-inflammatory, rehabilitation, infiltration. In some cases, when pain is persistent and disabling and not relieved by other, less aggressive surgery is chosen, that in most cases is to take off the tendon from its point of attachment to the bone, where the tendon not of vital importance to produce a movement as the role of the tendons can perform other neighbors.

He may be the Benin mostly muscular torticollis is nonetheless very painful and disabling. Rest and analgesics are the only remedies to soften the symptoms disappear in a few days.

What’s this?

The muscular torticollis is, as its name suggests, a contraction of certain muscles of the neck, which prevents the head from moving properly. Most of the time, the sterno-mastoid Cleidocranial is at stake. The victim wakes up in the morning with his head stuck in an awkward position, unable to move.
Anyone can be affected by a stiff neck, but it occurs most often between 30 and 60. Women are half as affected as men.

What are the causes?

They are many:

• In most cases, torticollis is caused by a bad position during sleep. This explains why the symptoms usually occur at sunrise.

• One false move, a sudden or forced movement of the neck may also trigger the field contracture which lasted several days.

• A violent trauma such as a car accident is sometimes the case.

• A draft extended on the neck may also be sufficient to trigger the symptoms.

What are the symptoms?

They are easily recognizable:

• Stiffness of the neck.

• Head “stuck” in an unusual position.

• Strong pain when trying to perform a rotational movement.

How is it diagnosed?

To confirm the suspicion of torticollis, a doctor will be based simply on describing symptoms and palpation of the neck and upper back.
It will eventually request a radio control to eliminate other pathology, particularly if the patient has suffered a physical trauma.

What is evolution?

Generally, symptoms of torticollis fade in a few days. However, if they lasted more than five days, he should consult a doctor because they could be indicative of another disease. Same thing if the torticollis occurs several times a year: for example it could be secondary to osteoarthritis or scoliosis.
Always consult your doctor if torticollis is accompanied by fever. There are risks when it is a symptom of a flu-like illness, sore throat or ear infection.

What treatments are available?

• The first remedy is rest, warm. Be sure to cover your head with a scarf, or better, a kettle, heat with a relaxing effect on muscles.

• The anti-inflammatory drugs are generally effective for pain relief.

• Muscle relaxants, apply ointment, for example, can also be used successfully.

For muscular torticollis, with treatment, symptoms should disappear within three days.

Who to consult?

The physician.

Warning: the cards are desfiches Diseases Information that can not be considered exhaustive and consequences must be checked. In any case, cesinformations can not substitute for medical advice. Ousoigner to diagnose a disease, it is essential to consult a doctor. The InternauteMagazine not be held responsible for consequences resulting from laconsultation sheets Diseases